Glutathione
GSHReduced glutathioneL-glutathioneEvidence
Early human
Typical vial
200 mg
Route
3 routes
Status
United States
What it is
The body's main antioxidant, and a poor drug. The FDA has warned specifically against the injectable skin-lightening use. That is what most of it is sold for.
Glutathione is a tripeptide the body makes continuously and depends on. It is the principal intracellular antioxidant, central to how the liver handles toxins, and it is the reason paracetamol overdose is treated with acetylcysteine, which works by replenishing it.
None of that makes it a good thing to inject. Taken orally it is broken down into its component amino acids before absorption, which is why oral glutathione barely raises blood levels. Injected, it is cleared within minutes.
Most of what is sold is for skin lightening, on the mechanism that glutathione shifts melanin production toward the lighter pigment. The FDA has issued a specific warning about injectable skin-lightening products — on the grounds of unknown safety — unapproved status and contamination risk in products often sourced without oversight. That warning is the single most relevant fact on this page, and it is the one least often mentioned by the clinics selling it.
Intravenous glutathione does have a genuine research history in Parkinson's disease. The controlled trials were small and did not establish benefit.
How it works
Glutathione neutralises reactive oxygen species and is regenerated by glutathione reductase. Cells maintain it in large quantities, and the ratio of its reduced to oxidised forms is a standard measure of oxidative stress.
It conjugates toxins in the liver for excretion, which is its most clinically important role and the basis for the paracetamol antidote.
In skin, it is proposed to shift melanogenesis from darker eumelanin toward lighter pheomelanin, and to inhibit tyrosinase. This is the mechanism behind the skin-lightening claim.
The delivery problem defines the compound. Oral glutathione is digested; injected glutathione is cleared in minutes. Raising cellular glutathione is done more reliably by supplying precursors, acetylcysteine or glycine, than by supplying the molecule itself.
What it is studied for
Each entry states the evidence behind it. We do not rank indications by effectiveness — for most compounds here, that would be a claim nobody can support.
Skin lightening
Published reviewWhat most injectable glutathione is sold for.
EvidenceThe FDA has warned against injectable skin-lightening products as unapproved, of unknown safety, and carrying contamination risk. Published evidence is limited to small studies of uneven quality.
Parkinson's disease
Clinical trialThe most serious clinical research direction.
EvidenceSmall randomised trials of intravenous glutathione did not establish benefit over placebo.
General antioxidant support
Published reviewThe wellness claim.
EvidenceOral glutathione is largely digested before absorption. Raising cellular levels is more reliably achieved with precursors such as acetylcysteine.
Regulatory status
Last reviewed 18 Aug 2026. Positions in this category change frequently, so we date the line.
Not approved as a medicine for skin lightening or antioxidant use in the United States or the European Union. The FDA has issued a specific warning about injectable skin-lightening products containing glutathione — citing unapproved status — unknown safety and contamination risk. Oral glutathione is sold as a dietary supplement.
Identity and clearance
What the molecule is, and how long a dose stays measurable.
Molecule
- Class
- Endogenous tripeptide antioxidant. Technically a peptide, but not a research peptide
- Molecular weight
- 307.3 Da
- Length
- 3 amino acids
Sequence
Glu-Cys-Gly
Dose protocols reported in sources
Displayed for reference only. Every row says where it came from, and a trial protocol and a community convention are not the same kind of information. None of this is fed into the calculator, and none of it is a recommendation.
| Goal | Dose | Frequency | Route | Units, 600 mg vial | Source | Start this protocol |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Doses used in clinics | 600 mg – 2400 mg | One to three times weekly | Intravenous600 to 2400 mg per infusion, which is a very large amount by the standards of this site. Glutathione is dosed in hundreds of milligrams, not micrograms. There is no dose-ranging trial behind these figures, and this is the route the FDA warning concerns. | from 100 u | Community practice | Start this |
| Parkinson's disease trials | 1400 mg | Three times weekly by infusion | Intravenous1400 mg, as studied. The trials were small and did not establish benefit. | Over one vial | Clinical trial | Start this |
The doses above in syringe units, for the vial you have:
Start this copies a row into a protocol of your own, which you can then edit. Where a source gave a dose range or an ambiguous frequency, those fields arrive empty — we will not pick a number on your behalf.
CheckRows marked community practice describe what people commonly do, drawn from public discussion. They are not derived from any trial and are not evidence that a dose is safe or effective.
Safety
Reported effects, the situations that need care, and the ones that mean stop.
Reported effects
- Infusion reactionsPublished review
Reported
Rash, flushing, and occasionally more serious hypersensitivity.
- Infection from unsterile injectable productsPublished review
The FDA's stated concern
Not a pharmacological effect. Products sold outside a regulated supply chain have been found contaminated, and intravenous administration removes every barrier between that and the bloodstream.
- Abdominal pain and nauseaClinical trial
Reported
- Skin effects reported with lightening usePublished review
Reported
Including uneven depigmentation. Loss of pigment also removes some protection against ultraviolet damage.
When to stop
- Any allergic response: rash, hives, facial swelling or difficulty breathing. Seek urgent care.
- Fever, chills, or an infusion site that becomes hot or starts spreading. Possible infection. Seek urgent care.
- Uneven or patchy loss of skin pigment.
- Abdominal pain or persistent nausea.
Interactions and situations that need care
- Injectable skin-lightening productsAvoid
The FDA has warned specifically against these: unapproved, of unknown safety, and frequently sourced outside any regulated supply chain where contamination has been found. This is the use most of the market is for, and it is the one with a regulator's name attached to the warning.
- Self-administering it intravenouslyAvoid
The doses involved are large, the products are often unregulated, and intravenous administration outside a clinical setting removes both the sterility controls and the ability to respond to a reaction.
- AsthmaUse caution
Inhaled and infused glutathione have been associated with bronchospasm in people with asthma.
- Pregnancy and breastfeedingAvoid
No safety data at the doses used, and no version of skin lightening that justifies an unknown during pregnancy.
What to expect
What the sources describe over time, and how confident anyone can be about it.
- The FDA has warned specifically against injectable skin-lightening glutathione. That is the headline, and clinics selling it rarely mention it.
- Oral glutathione is largely digested before absorption. Precursors such as acetylcysteine raise cellular levels more reliably.
- The Parkinson's trials were the serious clinical work, and they were small and negative.
- Injected, it is cleared within minutes. Whatever it does, it does not do it for long.
- Contamination is the stated regulatory concern, not the pharmacology. The risk here comes from where these products come from.
Storage and combinations
How to keep it, and what it does and does not go with.
Storage and handling
- Freeze-dried powder
- Refrigerated at 2–8 °C, protected from light. Glutathione oxidises readily on exposure to air.
- After mixing
- Use promptly. The reduced form oxidises in solution, and the oxidised form is not what is wanted.
- Long-term, frozen
- Unopened powder is stable at −20 °C or colder.
Checking your vial
Research chemicals carry no manufacturing standard, so what the vial looks like is often the only quality signal available before you use it.
White powder, clear colourless solution when reconstituted
Normal.
Yellow or discoloured solution
Oxidation. Discard it.
Sold as a ready-made lightening injection with no manufacturer
These are the products the FDA warning describes, and contamination is the stated concern, not a hypothetical one.
Vocabulary on this page
- Bioavailability
- How much of an administered dose actually reaches the bloodstream. Injection is close to complete; swallowing a peptide is usually close to nothing.
- Evidence level
- The category of human evidence behind a compound, from preclinical through to approved. Stated on every profile here as a category, not an adjective.
Questions
- Does it lighten skin?
- There is a plausible mechanism and some small studies of uneven quality. There is also an FDA warning against the injectable products, on safety and contamination grounds. Whether it works is genuinely unclear; whether the injectable route is a good idea is much clearer.
- Should I take it orally instead?
- Oral glutathione is broken into its component amino acids before absorption, so it barely raises levels. If the goal is higher cellular glutathione, precursors such as acetylcysteine or glycine do that more reliably and far more cheaply.
References
Everything on this page that came from a source, with the source.
FDA warning on injectable skin-lightening and skin-bleaching products
US Food and Drug Administration, 2019 · Regulatory safety communication
Consumers of injectable skin-lightening products
Warned that injectable skin-lightening products, including those containing glutathione, are unapproved, of unknown safety and effectiveness, and may be contaminated or contain harmful ingredients. Advised consumers not to use them.
Intravenous glutathione in Parkinson's disease
Movement disorders literature, 2017 · Randomised, placebo-controlled trial
Adults with Parkinson's disease · 1400 mg intravenously, three times weekly
No significant benefit over placebo on motor outcomes. The trial was small, and reported adverse effects were mostly mild.
Clinic and community practice, unverified
Med-spa marketing, compounding pharmacy menus and forums, 2026 · Anecdote
Self-selected, unverified
Formulations and schedules described outside any trial. Compounded blends vary between pharmacies, so two products under the same name are not necessarily the same thing.
Glutathione compared with
Also compared with GHK-Cu, Ipamorelin, CJC-1295, Tesamorelin, MK-677, GHRP-2.
Related compounds
GHK-Cu
A naturally occurring copper-binding tripeptide with a long history in topical skincare research. Injected use is not what the research studied.
Ipamorelin
A selective growth hormone secretagogue that prompts a short pulse of GH release. Widely used, and supported almost entirely by early pharmacology rather than outcome trials.
CJC-1295
A GHRH analogue that raises growth hormone by amplifying the body's own release signal. Sold in two forms whose durations differ by two orders of magnitude.
Tesamorelin
A GHRH analogue approved by the FDA for reducing excess visceral fat in HIV-associated lipodystrophy. The only compound in this category with completed phase 3 trials.
Next
What to do with Glutathione
- Keep a record of itTurn a dose and a schedule into a protocol, then log what you actually take. Glutathione is filled in for you.
- See what it costsPer-milligram prices read from vendor sites and confirmed by a person, so vial sizes compare.
- Check a combinationWhat our profiles record about Glutathione alongside each other compound — including the pairs where nothing is recorded.
Keep this page honest
If something here is wrong, out of date, or missing a source, tell us and we will fix it and say that we did.
This page is educational. It describes what published research reports, not what you should do. Peptides discussed here are largely not approved for human use, and nothing on BioAlmanac is medical advice. No clinician reviews these pages.
Page last updated 18 Aug 2026